Other interesting concepts of hidden antigens and how they get exposed to the immune system triggering an autoimmune response. The role of genes and microbes that play a significant role in autoimmunity is also included. Microbes have been implicated in triggering autoimmune disorders, and the mechanism by which they lead to failure of immune tolerance is elaborated.

The student has been introduced to the spectrum autoimmune disorders that though extensive, the most common ones characterized as organ-specific and systemic are incorporated.